北京市生活垃圾治理白皮书
Foreword
In order to enhance the
urban function of the capital and improve the
living standard of residents, the Beijing
Municipal Government has been increasing its
investment in domestic garbage disposal
facilities and its emphasis in comprehensive
environmental treatment, leading to a
significant improvement on the urban and
suburban environment. However, it is still
difficult to make the current situation of
domestic garbage disposal meet the requirement
of the social and economic development in the
future, when assessed according to the
requirements of hosting the forthcoming Olympic
Game with the best quality, taking the lead in
basically accomplishing modernization and
becoming a modern metropolitan city with
international dimension. After the epidemic of
SARS, people from all walks of life, including
citizens pay more attention upon environmental
sanitation, both urban and suburban, and show
stronger desire in environment protection and
pursuit of civilized and healthy lifestyle. This
makes it urgent to prepare the “White Paper on
The Disposal of Domestic Garbage In Beijing”
(hereinafter referred to as the “White
Paper”), a paper to be drafted to
incorporate a clear objective and efficient
implementation methods and to meet the
requirements of “Green Olympic”, to guide the
further development of the domestic garbage
disposal management in Beijing.
In line with the decisions
of the Beijing Municipal Government, Beijing
Municipal Administration Commission initiated
the drafting of the White Paper, based on “The
Outline of the Tenth Five-Year Plan on Beijing
National Economic and Social Development”, “The
Layout on the Establishment of the Garbage
Disposal Facilities to Fulfill Olympic
Implementation Plan” and “Beijing Metropolis
Appearance and Enviromental Sanitation
Regulations”, and in consideration of the
post-SARS situation. When drafting this White
Paper, Beijing Municipal Administration
Commission fully absorbed the advanced concepts,
both domestic and abroad, and widely sought the
opinions and proposals from various district and
county governments, relevant departments,
relevant social bodies and experts. This
drafting has been passed in the regular meeting
of the Municipal Government.
The White Paper, by
framing the reduction of, resource utilization
of, pollution-free treatment of and
industrialization of the domestic garbage, by
focusing on the solutions to the present
problems in connection with the collection and
disposal of the domestic garbage and medical
waste, and based on the analysis of the present
situation and problems of the garbage disposal
in Beijing, proposes the principles, aims, tasks
and solutions of the domestic garbage disposal.
The proposed aims and tasks shall be completed
entirely by the year 2008.
I. The Present
Situation Of Garbage Disposal And The Relevant
Forecast
1. The
Development
- 1.1 Since 1980’s, especially during the
period of “the Ninth Five-Year Plan”, both
Beijing Municipal Government and District
Governments have been increasing their
investment in, and accelerating the
establishment of, environmental protection
facilities, and improving the relating
management system. The system for the domestic
garbage’s collection, transportation and
disposal has been formed essentially. The method
for the collection of the urban domestic garbage
has developed from that of manual work like
emptying garbage when the bell rung to that of
mechanized and obturated work; and the disposal
methods have developed from those of open-air
pileup and of simplified burial to those of the
pollution-free sanitary burial (the main
method), of incineration, of composting and of
comprehensive disposals (the auxiliary
methods).
- 2.
The
Present Situation
1.2 The Volume Of
Garbage
In Beijing, the daily
average volume of garbage is 0.82 kg per person.
The average volume of garbage for the whole city
is 11,500 tons per day and 4,210,000 tons per
year. The daily average volume of medical waste
is more than 40 tons and the daily average
volume of dining and kitchen waste is around
1,050 tons.
1.3 Garbage
Collection
The main method of
collection is that garbage is collected and sent
to the designated garbage stations by the
environmental sanitation service centers of
districts, cleaning maintenance teams of streets
and property management companies, and
subsequently sent by the specialist teams to
garbage treatment plants; the garbage produced
by governmental offices, enterprises and social
bodies shall be collected by environmental
protection specialist teams under the relating
contracts.
1.4 Garbage
Classification
There are more than 3000
residential communities, mansions and industrial
zones in Beijing（among
which 1500 have been covered by property
management）, and the
garbage classification, collection,
transportation and disposal have been operated
in 465 of them. The proportion of the
classification of the city domestic garbage is
15%.
1.5 Garbage
Disposal
The main methods include
sanitary burial, composting and incineration, as
proportion of 89.6%, 5.8% and 4.6% respectively.
17 garbage treatment facilities, composing of 9
sanitary burial fields, 2 junk composting
factories, 2 incineration factories and 4
transportation transfer stations, have been set
up. The daily garbage treatment capacity is
8,800 tons and the resource utilization rate is
10%.
1.6 Cleaning And
Maintenance
The task is divided as
follows: the trunk-roads of the city, such as
Chang An Avenue, the Second Circle, the Third
Circle and the Forth Circle, are under the
responsibilities of specialist companies; the
branch-roads are under the responsibilities of
the environmental sanitation service centers of
the counties and districts where they are
located; the alleys and bystreets are under the
responsibilities of subdistrict offices;
residential communities and residential fallow
premiers are under the responsibilities of
property management companies; highways and
expressways are under the responsibilities of
their respective owners.
1.7 Garbage
Management
The fairly developed garbage
treatment management system has been formed in
main areas of the eight urban districts and
suburban satellite towns, but unavailable in the
crossing border between the urban and rural
areas and the suburban townships, where the
open-air pileup or simple burial is common. Due
to the undeveloped garbage management in most of
the area of the rural areas, the volume of the
domestic garbage actually transported therefrom
to the treatment centers is only 3,210,000 tons
per year.
1.8
Fees
Three kinds of fees are
charged on individuals and entities concerned:
the regular cleaning and maintenance fee,
charged by relevant cleaning companies or
property management companies; the city domestic
garbage disposal fee, at 3 Yuan per household
per month (in respect of temporary residents, 2
Yuan per person per month), collected by
relevant community neighborhood committees or
community property management companies by
commission; the entrusted cleaning and
transporting fee, at 25 Yuan per ton, charged by
relevant cleaning and transporting companies
upon the entrusters.
3. The Forecast On
The Volume, Classification And Components Of
Domestic Garbage
1.9 Variation On
The Volume Of Garbage.
As the population expands,
the economy develops and the living quality of
people increases, the volume of garbage
increases at a speed around 2% per year. By year
2008, the daily garbage volume of Beijing will
reach 12,000 tons and annually, 4,380,000 tons.
The daily medical waste will reach around 60
tons and the daily dining and kitchen garbage
around 1,200 tons.
1.10 Changes On
Classification.
As the environmental
protection awareness of residents improves and
the favorable government policies promote, it
will climb gradually year by year for the
application of garbage early-stage
classification and the resource utilization
rate. It is forecasted that the number of the
communities, mansions and industrial zones with
garbage classification will increase by 200-300
every year from now on, leading to a reduction
on the annual garbage volume at 44,000
tons.
1.11 Changes In
Garbage Components
As the living quality of
people increases, the trends of the components
variation of domestic garbage shall be as
follows: - calorie keeps climbing, gravitational
density declining, and the proportion of organic
substances and the volume of recyclable
substances increasing.
II.The Fundamental
Principles Of Domestic Garbage
Disposal
- 2.1
Human-Oriented Principle
Full-process management
shall be implemented in respect of the garbage
collection, transportation and final disposal.
The second-time pollution shall be prevented and
the people’s health shall be effectively
safeguarded.?
- 2.2
Persistentable
Development
Under the goal of
establishing an ecological city, work in respect
of the volume reduction, resource utilization
and pollution-free treatment of domestic garbage
shall be actively pushed and the quantity of
garbage to be buried shall be reduced in a
maximum extent, so as to bring together
ecological environmental protection, reasonable
resource utilization and effective pollution
prevention.
- 2.3
Urban-Rural Area
Integration
The chaos in the garbage
treatment in the areas of the urban-rural
crossing border and of the countryside, of
township and of villages shall be changed and
the garbage disposal in the abovementioned areas
shall be incorporated into the environment and
sanitary management system, to realize the
integrated planning and management in the
urban-rural area.
- 2.4
Social
Participation
Investment from home and
abroad into the construction and operation of
the garbage disposal facilities is encouraged so
as to realize diversified investment bodies,
enterprisation in operation and
industrialization in the garbage disposal. The
system for social participation and supervision
shall be developed with due
expedition.
III. The Aim And Tasks Of
Domestic Garbage Disposal By Year
2008
1.
Aim
3.1 General
Aim
By year 2008, the basic
structure in respect of domestic garbage
reduction, resource utilization, pollution free
treatment and industrialization has been roughly
formed. The systems of management, collection
and disposal facilities, mainly consisting of
garbage classification and collection, have been
soundly developed.The scientification,
regularization, standardization and legalization
of the management have been constantly improved.
The modern garbage treatment system with the
characterization of urban-rural area unified
management, reasonable layout, advanced
technique and effective resource utilization has
been fairly established.
2.
Tasks
3.2 To Increase
Investment In And Expedite The Construction Of
Garbage Treatment Facilities
According to “The Outline of
the Tenth Five-Year Plan on Beijing National
Economic and Social Development”, “The
Implemental Layout on the Garbage Disposal
Facilities to Fulfill Olympic Implementation
Plan”, by 2008, the construction of 15 new
garbage treatment facilities, with the total
daily disposal capacity of 12,500 tons, shall
have been completed. The facilities to be
constructed compose of 3 garbage burial
stations, 7 comprehensive treatment plants, 3
burning plants and 2 transporting stations. The
detailed plan is that: by year 2003, the
establishment of Jiao Jia Po garbage burial
station located in Mentougou shall be completed;
by year 2005, the establishment of the garbage
treatment plant in Fangshan, of the seven
comprehensive treatment plants respectively
located in Asuwei, Dongcun, Chaoyong, Haidian,
Fangshan, Huairou and of the two garbage
transporting stations separately located in
Datun and Shijingshan shall be completed; the
establishment of Anding (the second phase), of
the two sanitary burial stations all located in
Dadushe and of the three burning stations
separately located in Chaoyang, Nangong and
Haidian shall be completed by 2008.
3.3 To Improve The
Rate Of Pollution-Free Disposal Of Garbage
Within The Zone Of The Urban Ares
The rate of pollution-free
disposal of garbage within the eight urban
districts will reach 91% by year 2003, 93% by
year 2004, 94% by year 2005, 96% by year 2006,
97% by year 2007 and 98% by year
2008.
3.4 To Expedite The
Standardization Of Suburban Garbage Collection
And Treatment
By year 2008, the garbage
occurred in the satellite towns, in the areas
where township governments are located, and in
the plain areas where the collection and
transportation of the garbage is convenient
shall be completely collected and sent to the
standardized treatment stations for disposal.
The pollution-free treatment rate in the
suburban area shall reach 20% by year 2003, 30%
by year 2004, 35% by year 2005, 40% by year
2006, 45% by year 2007 and 50% by year 2008. To
the areas failing to meet the above conditions,
the effective ways and situations shall be
worked out, while the local conditions thereof
are taken into account, so that the simplified
disposal of garbage shall follow the stipulation
of the layout and be implemented in the
designated areas.
3.5To Expand The
Application Of Garbage Early-Stage
Classification And To Increase The Resource
Utilization Rate
The advanced treatment
technique and science and technology policies
for garbage disposal shall be adopted to improve
the resource utilization rate. Upon 2008, the?
proportion of application of garbage early-stage
classification in the areas of the metropolis
and townships shall increase from 15% as of
today to 50% and the resource utilization rate
shall increase from 10% as of today to
30%.
3.6 To Dispose Of
The 73 Garbage Pileup Areas With The Total
Pileup Volumes Over 200 Tons
Each
The 9 pileup areas of
garbage located within the Forth Circle Road
shall be disposed of by year 2003; by year 2004,
the 28 pileup areas of garbage located between
the Forth and Fifth Circle Roads shall be
disposed of; and by year 2005, the 36 pileup
areas of garbage located between the Fifth and
Sixth Circle Roads shall be disposed of.
Meanwhile, garbage collection and transportation
facilities shall be improved or rebuilt to
achieve the garbage-obturation management, the
mechanism of long-term effective management
shall be established and inspection and
clearance maintenance shall be
intensified.
3.7 To Set Up
Medical Waste Centralized Disposal
System
The safeguarding control of
the medical waster shall be effectively
improved. Meanwhile, two centralized disposal
facilities, with a joint capacity of daily
disposal volume of 65 tons, shall be set up,
among which the first one shall be completed in
year 2004 and the second one in year 2005, to
standardize the disposal of all medical waste in
Beijing.
3.8 To Standardize
The Collection, Transportation And Disposal Of
Dining And Kitchen Waste
The “Beijing Dining and
Kitchen Waste Disposal Regulation” shall be
promulgated in year 2004. It is planned that the
dining and kitchen waste central disposal plants
are to be set up each in Weishanzhuang of Daxing
District, Gao’an tun of Chaoyang District,
Dongcun of Tongzhou District and Liulitun of
Haidian District. Among them, two plants are to
be completed by year 2004 to form a daily
garbage disposal capacity of 600 tons and the
rest two are to be completed by year 2005 to
form an additional garbage disposal capability
at 600 tons per day. By then a scale of garbage
disposal capability at 1,200 tons per day shall
be reached.
3.9 To Complete
Dejecta Centralized Disposal
System
By the end of year 2003, 10
dejecta disposal stations in the eight urban
districts are to be completed, basically meeting
the daily demand for centralized dejecta
disposal at 4,400 tons. The satellite towns in
the suburb shall speed up the construction of
the centralized dejecta disposal facilities at
the same time of improving sewage treatment
plants and pipeline networks.? The aim for the
centralized dejecta disposal in the satellite
towns is to reach the disposal rate at 30% by
year 2003, 40% by year 2004, 50% by year 2005,
60% by year 2006 and 80% by year
2008.
- IV.
The
Guarantee Measures On Domestic Garbage
Disposal
- 4.1
To
Introduce The Mechanism Of Competition And To
Increase Capital Investment
The total investment on
garbage disposal facilities construction
projects will reach 3.2 billion Yuan by 2008 in
Beijing. The finance departments at municipal
and district levels shall keep increasing their
investment in these areas. Meanwhile,
competition shall be introduced to transform the
situation of governments’ sole funding and
monopoly. By the way of the establishment of an
opening and regulated market system and running
mechanism, non-government fund and enterprises
from home and abroad shall be widely absorbed
and encouraged to contribute to investment and
operation of these projects. The mechanism of
market access, mainly consisting of that of
concession, shall be established. The
construction and operation of the projects shall
be performed mainly in the ways such as bidding
and under the principles of being open, fairness
and impartiality, so as to protect legal rights
and benefits of the investors and procure that
these projects shall be completed and operated
on schedule.
- 4.2To Reinforce The Management In Line
With Law And To Identify The Responsibilities At
All Levels
The “Beijing Metropolis
Appearance and Environmental Sanitation
Regulations” shall be fully implemented, and the
inspection and supervision against the
implementation situations of responsibility
takers shall be reinforced. The municipal,
district and county, subdistrict and township
governments shall be responsible for the
metropolis appearance and environmental
sanitation within their respective
administrative areas; the community neighborhood
committees shall be responsible for organizing
the collection of the garbage in their
respective communities; entities and individuals
shall also be responsible for the metropolis
appearance and environmental sanitation within
their respective responsibility zones. The
garbage in the urban area shall be disposed of
on the same day when it occurs by the obturated
collection and transportation as planned. The
network shall be developed and expanded to
varioussubdistricts and townships where garbage
collection, cleaning and sanitational
maintenance shall also be specialized. The
standards with regard to environmental
sanitation quality, industry administration,
service and construction of the facilities shall
be formulated and further developed. The circuit
examination system in respect of metropolis
appearance and environmental sanitation shall be
established, the forcefulness on law
implementation and supervision shall be
reinforced and any violation thereof shall be
punished timely. The departments concerned shall
expedite in producing the policy of inspection
and of corresponding rewards and punishment and
shall identify the management responsibilities
at all levels.
- 4.3
To
Promote Garbage Classification And To Improve
The Resource Utilization Rate
Garbage classification shall
be performed from the early stage of garbage
dumping, to its collection, transportation and
final disposal. The simplified burial of garbage
unclassified shall be intentionally decreased
and eventually prohibited. The classified
garbage collection facilities shall be built up
in the newly built, expanded or rebuilt
communities, mansion and industrial zones, while
the establishment of facilities of this kind
shall also be speeded up in old residential
communities. The mechanism on voluntary garbage
recycling and on charges upon garbage producers
shall be taken into effect. It is encouraged for
the non-government bodies to set up the
enterprises engaging in the garbage resource-
recycling, so as to reduce the volume of garbage
and promote the recycling of garbage.
- 4.4
To Be
Equipped With Advanced Technique And To
Encourage Innovation
The transform from
pollution-free-treatment-focused measures to
those of comprehensive resource utilization
shall be encouraged. Research and development
shall be reinforced and the advanced technique
and mechanism, suitable for the local situation
of Beijing, shall be introduced and exploited.
In order to increase the garbage burial
techniques and promote the integral utilization
of the garbage resources, the methods in respect
of the volume reduction of garbage and the
technique framework for the garbage resources
utilization shall be established and improved.
It is necessary to build up a number of
modernized high-technique garbage disposal
facilities, including incineration facilities,
all of which will have the effects of
demonstration and the high technical content and
be able to achieve the effective utilization of
garbage resources.
- 4.5
To
Promote Propaganda And To Encourage The Civilian
Participation
The social awareness upon
enviromental protection and sanitary
responsibilities shall be improved through
media, voluntary work and community propaganda,
leading to a kind of civilization and healthy
lifestyle. The governmental departments in
charge shall establish and improve public
supervision mechanism and further promote the
establishment and management of information
service system such as “Municipal Administration
Hot Line” and “Metropolis Administration Hot
Line”, to procure the active participation by
citizens and social bodies into domestic garbage
management. The public supervision mechanism and
social assessment system shall be established
and well developed.
Conclusion
This White Paper is the
first public document promulgated by Beijing
Municipal Government in respect of domestic
garbage disposal. It is the government’s
pronouncement on achievement of disposal object.
It is a guidance to direct the action of the
departments concerned and it is the honorable
mission and implementation rule of the
governments at all levels and its working
personnel. Representing and reflecting the
desires and expectation of all the residents in
Beijing, its issuance means that Beijing
Municipal Government makes its commitment to the
whole society. Meanwhile, it is also evidence by
which people from all walks of life including
the whole citizens may supervise and examine
governments in performing their respective
duties in this area. The governments at all
levels and their working personnel shall follow
the requirements of the White Paper and shall,
with a highly responsible attitude and by the
elaborated management and organization, procure
to achieve the goal of the garbage disposal, to
create a neat and beautiful environment for
living and working, and to devote themselves to
the promising prospect of “New Beijing, Great
Olympic”!
为了增强首都城市功能，提高市民生活质量，北京市不断加大生活垃圾处理设施投入和环境综合整治力度，城乡环境得到了明显改善。但是，以举办一届最出色的奥运会、率先基本实现现代化和建设现代化国际大都市的要求来衡量，目前的生活垃圾治理水平还很难适应未来经济和社会发展的需要。特别是经历非典疫情之后，社会各界和广大市民对城乡环境卫生更加关注，保护环境、追求文明健康生活方式的愿望更加强烈，迫切需要制定目标明确、措施有力、符合绿色奥运要求的《北京市生活垃圾治理白皮书》（以下简称《白皮书》），以指导北京市生活垃圾治理事业的新发展。
根据北京市政府的决定，依据《北京市国民经济和社会发展第十个五年计划纲要》、《落实奥运行动计划垃圾处理设施的建设规划》和《北京市市容环境卫生条例》，结合北京防治非典疫情后的实际，北京市市政管理委员会组织了《白皮书》的起草。在起草过程中，充分吸收了国内外先进理念，广泛征求了各区县、有关部门、社会各界和专家的意见。现已经市政府常务会讨论通过。
《白皮书》是以建立生活垃圾减量化、资源化、无害化和产业化的基础结构为主线，以突出解决好当前生活垃圾和医疗废物的收集与处理方面存在的问题为重点，在分析北京市生活垃圾治理现状和存在问题基础上，提出了生活垃圾治理的原则、目标、任务和措施。《白皮书》所提出的工作目标和任务全部要在2008年以前完成。
此《白皮书》是北京市政府制定的第一部向社会公开发布的关于生活垃圾治理的文件。它是北京市政府实现治理目标的宣言，是指导相关部门工作的纲领，是各级政府和每一个工作人员的光荣使命和操作守则。它的发布代表和反映了全市市民的意愿和期望，标志着北京市政府向全社会做出了承诺，同时它也是社会各界和全体市民监督检查各级政府落实这项工作的依据。各级政府和全体工作人员一定按照《白皮书》的要求，以高度责任心和使命感，精心组织、严格管理，确保治理目标的实现，为北京市市民创造一个整洁、优美的生活和工作环境，为实现“新北京、新奥运”的美好前景而竭尽全力！
园林椅
